Catching fireflies at night, like playing baseball in late afternoon, or splashing around a pool with the sun at its blazing apex, is one of the idyllic images of many childhood summers. Would-be entomologists pluck the glowing marvels from the sky and study them in makeshift scientific laboratories—usually old pickle jars with a few holes in the lid. Next year, a group of somewhat older insect enthusiasts hopes to run this experiment in reverse: they plan to take luminescent insects from their pickle jars and release them into the great outdoors.
The scientists, led by Dr. Thomas Miller of the University of California at Riverside, hope to introduce into the wild a group of pink bollworms genetically engineered to express a green fluorescent protein (GFP), originally the exclusive property of a jellyfish. Miller intends to first study how man-made glowworms behave in nature and interact with their conventional cousins. If this preliminary test goes according to plan, and genetically modified bollworms are manageable, then the researchers will get to the nitty-gritty of their experiment: releasing a sterile biotech bollworm. The sterile bugs would mate with the normal ones but produce no offspring, thereby pushing down the population of the notorious cotton pest. If the USDA approves Miller’s plan of attack, his glowing bollworm will become the first biotech insect released into nature.
Fluorescence is now one of the most widely used transgenic traits because it has become a standard marker—when biotechnologists insert the GFP gene into their creations, they can visually ascertain their success, and Dr. Miller could easily tell his bollworms from the garden variety. As a result, the past decade of research into genetically modified animals has churned out a biblical ark’s worth of light-up creatures; Miller’s glowworm is only the latest in our ever-diversifying menagerie of glowing animals.
Fluorescence first appeared in genetic engineering’s toolbox back in 1994, when Martin Chalfie of Columbia University inserted the GFP gene into the genomes of a bacterium and a tiny worm. The experiment worked exactly as planned: the transgenic creatures glowed bright green when exposed to blue light. Excited about a transgenic marker that was so easy to use, scientists the world ‘round immediately began to shuffle the GFP gene into other species. Within two years, a fruit fly, a zebra fish, and then a mouse joined the club of human-made, glowing creatures. We’ve since produced many more to join them, and in 2001 appeared the first genetically engineered primate, a monkey called ANDi (whose name was an inverted play on “inserted DNA”).
Our global zoological garden of glowing animals has continued to spread ever larger, as scientists test transgenic processes in animals they intend to use for novel genetic engineering applications. Researchers at the Roslin Institute in Scotland—the birthplace the first cloned animal, Dolly the sheep—created glowing chickens and pigs during their effort to make those animals produce expensive medicines. Scientists at the Imperial College of London spawned a fluorescent mosquito as they tried to genetically engineer insects resistant to the microbe that causes malaria. The first glowing cow was born at the University of Vermont, when biotechnologists were studying the potential to make cows resistant to mastitis.
These fluorescent creations, colorfully illustrating one of science’s hottest topics, are well tailored for consumption by the mainstream media. Eduardo Kac claimed to have created “transgenic art” by adopting a glowing rabbit, and his manipulated photo of the bunny he named Alba appeared in news stories around the world. The GloFish, which also borrowed its “Glo” from the jellyfish, drew similar attention when it went on sale last year as the world’s first transgenic pet.
Despite its absurd appearances, the glowing creature is a bona fide scientific revelation, one of genetic engineering’s most valuable tools. Researchers consistently rave about its performance as a transgenic marker. Moreover, they appreciate that it frees them just a bit from the most rigorous demands of research. All humans are, to some extent, natural scientists, relying heavily on sight to collect data from our environs. Professional scientists, however, must often overpower their eyes’ innocent observations with a relentless rationality. When working with fluorescent animals, they are able to act a little more like the rest of us, more like children playing with fireflies – they can once again goggle at something amazing, and know for a moment that seeing really is believing.
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